Phyllanthus niruri
Bhuiamalaki, botanically known has Phyllanthus niruri is a member of Euphorbiaceae family. The decoction of the plant has historically being used in jaundice. In a preliminary study, carriers of hepatitis B virus were treated with a preparation of the plant Phyllanthus niruri for 30 days. 22 of 37 (59%) treated patients had lost hepatitis B surface antigen when tested 15-20 days after the end of the treatment compared with only 1 of 23 (4%) placebo-treated controls. Some subjects have been followed for up to 9 months. In no case has the surface antigen returned. Studies also revealed that Phyllanthus niruri exhibits antiviral actions on Hepatitis B in human subjects and in vitro.
Preclinical studies demonstrates that an extract of the Phyllanthus niruri plant inhibits endogenous DNA polymerase of hepatitis B virus and binds to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. Extracts of Phyllanthus niruri have been shown to exert hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver cell damage in rabbits. Pre-treatment with extract of Phyllanthus niruri, reduced paracetamol-induced acute liver damage in rats as monitored by estimating the serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and histopathological changes in the livers.
Friday, December 19, 2008
Phyllanthus niruri
Withania somnifera
Mechanism by which the W. somnifera exerts a hepatoprotective effect in a hyperammonemic condition could be attributed to (i) presence of natural antioxidants, (ii) its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties and (iii) excess removal of urea related compounds. The exact underlying mechanism is still unclear and further research is needed.
Boerhavia diffusa
Tinospora cordifolia
Kupffer cells are major determinants of outcome of liver injury. Their activity was therefore studied in a model of chronic liver disease. The effect of Tinospora cordifolia, with proven hepatoprotective activity, was evaluated on Kupffer cell function, using carbon clearance test as a parameter. Antihepatotoxic activity of Tinospora cordifolia was studied in albino rats intoxicated with CCl4.
Liver function was assessed based on morphological, biochemical (SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatase, Serum bilirubin) and functional (Pentobarbitone sleep time) tests. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia as a sole constituent in goats liver were studied. Results revealed clinical and hematobiochemical improvement at the later stages in Tinospora cordifolia treated goats, indicating that it has got hepatoprotective action
Silybum marianum
Its traditional use as a liver tonic has been supported by research showing that it contains constituents that protect liver cells from chemical damage. Historically, this herb has been used in Europe as a liver tonic, and current phytotherapy indicates its use in a whole range of liver and gallbladder conditions, including hepatitis and cirrhosis. It may also have value in the treatment of chronic uterine problems. A wealth of research done in Germany is revealing exciting data about reversal of toxic liver damage, as well as protection from potential hepato-toxic agents.
A study conducted in 85 patients revealed that silybin conjugated with vitamin E and phospholipids could be used as a complementary approach to the treatment of patients with chronic liver damage.
Tuesday, December 16, 2008
HOW TO MAKE YOUR BLOG BEAUTIFUL
select the widget of your choice and get the code
open your blog account , click layout
click on add gadget ,a popup window will open
click add HTML tag button
paste the code of your widget
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
UPCOMING SEMINARS,CONFERENCES AND EVENTS
IN PHARMACY June 2009 (INDIA) UPDATED
SEMINARS IN NOVEMBER 2008
1.First International Conference On Pharmacovigilance And Clinical Data Management
http://www.manipal.edu/manipalsite/Users/globalpage.aspx?pgid=52
4.National Seminar on Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Date: 13-15 November 2008.
Venue: PES College of Pharmacy,Hanumanth Nagar,Banglore.
Date:November 14 -2008
venue:Erode College Of Pharmacy,Erode.
http://ecperode.in/seminar/
6.International Conference On New Developments In Drug Discovery From Natural Products And Traditional Medicines.
8.bioLOGIC India 2008: India’s most influential biopharmaceutical meeting
venue:Marriott hotel, Hyderabad.
Date:17-20 november 2008
http://www.terrapinn.com/2008/bioindia/
8.INDO-RUSSIAN WORKSHOPon Self - propagating High Temperature Synthesis
Date:Nov 27 - 29, 2008
venue:The Materials Research Centre (MRC),Banglore.
http://mrc.iisc.ernet.in/
9.National Seminar on Cancer - Biology and Development of New Chemical Entities
Date:20-22 november 2008
Venue:PSG College of Pharmacy,Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
http://www.psgpharma.com/natsemi_cancer.html
12.Seventh National Workshop on “Simple Diagnostic Methods in Clinical Microbiology” Date:25th to 29th November 2008
http://www.jipmer.edu/
SEMINARS IN DECEMBER 2008
13.Recent Techniques in Structural and Functional Genomics
Date:December 1 -10, 2008
Venue:Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Lucknow – 226 015
http://www.cimap.res.in/WinterSchool_2008.html
14.DIA's 3rd Annual Conference on Drug Discovery and Clinical Development in India: Scientific, Regulatory, and Social Frontiers
Date:07 Dec 2008 - 10 Dec 2008
Venue:Renaissance Mumbai Hotel & Convention Centre,
2 & 3B, Near Chinmayanand, Ashram, Powai400087 MumbaiIndia
http://www.diahome.org/DIAHome/
15.R & D Conference 2008
Venue:India habitat centre N.Delhi
Date: december 6 -10 2008
http://www.cdriindia.org/endoconf2008/csirconfdec08.pdf
15.International Conference on Natural Products in Health & 21st Annual Conference of The Indian Society for Atherosclerosis Research.
Date: 8th - 10th December , 2008
Venue:Annamali university,Chidambaram.
http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/conference_bio_chem.htm
16.National Symposium On“Recent Advances inFemale Reproductive Health Research” Date:December 11-12, 2008
Venue:Central drug research institute,lucknow
http://www.cdriindia.org/endoconf2008/endosymp2008-1.pdf
20.IISc Centenary Conference
Date:13-16
December 2008
Venue: Indian Institute Of Science,Banglore
http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/
21.A Satellite Alexander Hollaender Workshop on "Genetic Toxicology"
Da7te: December 15 - 17, 2008.
Venue:Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow
http://www.iitrindia.org/ForthcomingEvents.html
Organised by Medical Computer Society of India
Venue: Sri Ramchandra Medical College & Research Institute, Porur,Chennai- 600116.
SEMINARS IN JANUARY 2009
24. 96 th Indian Science Congress
Date: January 3-7 2009
Venue:North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU) ,Shillong-793022
http://www.isc2009nehu.com/
Organised by:The Laila Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd, Chennai In Association With:Indian Institute of Technology Madras,India,Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA and Sri Ramachandra University and Stella Maris College for women.
Date:January 18th - 20th, 2009
Venue: IIT Madras
http://molmed2009.com/
26.21st Kerala Science Congress
Date: 28-31 January 2009
Venue: C. Kesavan Memorial Hall, Kollam,Kerala
http://www.ksc.kerala.gov.in/venueanddate.htm
SEMINARS IN FEBRUARY 2009
28.Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK)symposium
Date:13 and 14 february 2009
venue:NIPER ,S.A.S.Nagar
http://niper.nic.in/index.htm
29., Efficacy and Safety” International conference on Herbal Medicine – “Evaluation of Quality
Date:February 26 , 27 & 28th (Thursday,Friday & Saturday), 2009
Venue:J.N Tata auditorium,National science seminar complex,Indian Institute of Science,Banglore
http://www.herbalconference2009.com/
33.Workshop on "Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling"
Date: 01-04-2009 to 03-04-2009
Dr. S.K. Shrivastava, Organising Secretary of the Workshop, Deptt. of Pharmaceutics, I.T., BHU
http://bhu.ac.in/seminar/seminar.htm
31 May- 6 June 2009
venue-National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE/ICMR), Chennai
Date: 3 -14 August 2009
Kizhattur, Perinthalamanna,Kerala.Pin- 67932
For details and application form CLICK HERE
International Conference on Challenges in Biotechnology and Food Technology
August 26 – 28th , 2009
http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/conference_tech_icbf2009.htm
kindly add your valuable suggestion to make it more better !
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Monday, December 1, 2008
MOON,VENUS AND JUPIETR MAKES THE SKY SMILE
Wednesday, November 12, 2008
Chromolaena odorata
Description :Chromolaena odorata is an herbaceous perennial that forms dense tangled bushes 1.5-2.0m in height. It occasionally reaches its maximum height of 6m (as a climber on other plants). Its stems branch freely, with lateral branches developing in pairs from the axillary buds. The older stems are brown and woody near the base; tips and young shoots are green and succulent. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate, or rhomboid, serrate, or dentate, long petioled and bright green colored. leaves opposite, flaccid-membranous, velvety-pubescent, deltoid-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, very coarsely toothed, each margin with 1-5 teeth, or entire in youngest leaves; base obtuse or subtruncate but shortly decurrent; petiole slender, 1-1.5cm long; blade mostly 5-12cm long, 3-6cm wide, capitula in sub-corymbose axillary and terminal clusters; peduncles 1-3cm long, bracteate; bracts slender, 10-12mm long; involucre of about 4-5 series of bracts, pale with green nerves, acute, the lowest ones about 2mm long, upper ones 8-9mm long, all acute, distally ciliate, flat, appressed except the extreme divergent tip; florets all alike (disc-florets), pale purple to dull off-white, the styles extending about 4mm beyond the apex of the involucre, spreading radiately; receptacle very narrow .
Use
burns, hemorrhages, hemorrhoids, indigestion, skin diseases, traumatic injury, edema, fracture and infection. It is used traditionally in south india for the treatment of chikungunya ( if you take bath in the water boiled with leaf of a common plant your pain will reduce.)
Tuesday, November 11, 2008
Pharmacy Distance Education Programme (IGNOU) India
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
LIST OF INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS
Monday, November 3, 2008
Chemistry of Tear Gas
Tear gas is a chemical compound which, in humans, causes immediate tearing of the eyes, mild respiratory convulsion, an increase in blood pressure and pulse, as well as the irritation of mucous membranes. A lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from lacrima meaning "a tear" in latin) (commonly referred to as tear gas) . These are commonly used as riot control agent and chemical warfare agents.
CHEMISTRY OF RDX
At room temperature, it is very stable. It burns rather than explodes and detonates only with a detonator, being unaffected even by small arms fire. However, it is very sensitive when crystallized, below −4 °C.
Detoxification of Explosives by Plants
REFERENCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX
Saturday, October 25, 2008
Volvo Ocean Race - Cochin 2008
1.ERICSSON RACING TEAM - ERICSSON 4
2.ERICSSON RACING TEAM - ERICSSON 3
3.PUMA RACING TEAM
4.TELEFONICA BLUE RACING TEAM
5.TELEFONICA BLACK RACING TEAM
6.TEAM RUSSIA
7.GREEN DRAGON RACING TEAM
8.DELTA LLOYD
Tuesday, October 21, 2008
Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacy) in GATE 2010.
1. The validity og GATE 2009 score card will be for a period of 1 YEAR from the date of announcement of result.
2. Time 3 hours
3. 90 questions (objective type)
4. 1/4th negative marking
GATE 2009 Paper structure:
ü Maximum marks 100
ü Time 3 hours
ü 60 questions (objective type)
ü 1/3rd negative marking
Q.1 to Q.20 : Will carry one mark each (sub-total 20 marks). 1/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.
Q.21 to Q.50 : Will carry two marks each (sub-total 60 marks) .2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.
Q.51 through Q.56 (3 pairs) will be common data questions. Each question will carry two marks.2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.Question pairs (Q.57, Q.58) and (Q.59, Q.60) will be linked answer questions.The answer to the second question of the last two pairs will depend on the answer to the first question of the pair.
If the first question in the linked pair is wrongly answered or is un-attempted, then the answer to the second question in the pair will not be evaluated. Each question will carry two marks.There will be negative marks only for wrong answer to the first question of the linked answer question pair i.e. for Q.57 and Q.59, 2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer. There is no negative marking for Q.58 and Q.60
GATE-2009 Pharmacy Syllabus
Pharmacology: General pharmacological principles including Toxicology. Drug interaction. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central nervous system, Cardiovascular system, Autonomic nervous system, Gastro intestinal system and Respiratory system. Pharmacology of Autocoids, Hormones, Hormone antagonists, chemotherapeutic agents including anticancer drugs. Bioassays, Immuno Pharmacology. Drugs acting on the blood & blood forming organs. Drugs acting on the renal system.
Medicinal Chemistry: Structure, nomenclature, classification, synthesis, SAR and metabolism of the following category of drugs, which are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia. Introduction to drug design. Stereochemistry of drug molecules. Hypnotics and Sedatives, Analgesics, NSAIDS, Neuroleptics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Anticonvulsants, Antihistaminics, Local Anaesthetics, Cardio Vascular drugs ? Antianginal agents Vasodilators, Adrenergic & Cholinergic drugs, Cardiotonic agents, Diuretics, Antijypertensive drugs, Hypoglycemic agents, Antilipedmic agents, Coagulants, Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet agents. Chemotherapeutic agents ? Antibiotics, Antibacterials, Sulphadrugs. Antiproliozoal drugs, Antiviral, Antitubercular, Antimalarial, Anticancer, Antiamoebic drugs. Diagnostic agents. Preparation and storage and uses of official Radiopharmaceuticals, Vitamins and Hormones. Eicosonoids and their application.
Pharmaceutics : Development, manufacturing standards Q.C. limits, labeling, as per the pharmacopoeal requirements. Storage of different dosage forms and new drug delivery systems. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics and their importance in formulation. Formulation and preparation of cosmetics ? lipstick, shampoo, creams, nail preparations and dentifrices. Pharmaceutical calculations.
Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence: Drugs and cosmetics Act and rules with respect to manufacture, sales and storage. Pharmacy Act. Pharmaceutical ethics.
Pharmaceutical Analysis: Principles, instrumentation and applications of the following: Absorption spectroscopy (UV, visible & IR). Fluorimetry, Flame photometry, Potentiometry. Conductometry and Plarography. Pharmacopoeial assays. Principles of NMR, ESR, Mass spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis and different chromatographic methods.
Biochemistry. Biochemical role of hormones, Vitamins, Enzymes, Nucleic acids, Bioenergetics. General principles of immunology. Immunological. Metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins. Methods to determine, kidney & liver function. Lipid profiles.
Microbiology : Principles and methods of microbio0logical assays of the Pharmacopoeia. Methods of preparation of official sera and vaccines. Serological and diagnostics tests. Applications of microorganisms in Bio Conversions and in Pharmaceutical industry.
Clinical Pharmacy : Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Dosage regimen in Pregnancy and Lactation, Pediatrics and Geriatrics. Renal and hepatic impairment. Drug ? Drug interactions and Drug ? food interactions, Adverse Drug reactions. Medication History, interview and Patient counseling.
Saturday, October 18, 2008
Free Chemistry Structure Drawing Software
2.Chem Sketch:It is a software with lot of function and easy to use .Download it and start enjoying chemistry in a different way .
3.ChemAxon
ChemAxon is a leader in providing chemical software development platforms and desktop applications for the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.It is a very good and user friendly software for drawing chemical structures.It is a free dowloadable sofware. It is free for academic user .To download click here
Free Pharmacy Magazines
In the race to develop new drug products, researchers and managers want informative, objective content in a functional format that is easy to access and read. Drug Discovery & Development delivers vital insight about the latest technologies and tools used develop pharmaceutical products in a way that no other publication can to key decision-makers. Subscriptions are free to qualifying readers.
http://www.dddmag.com/subscribe.aspx
2.Spectroscopy Asia MagazineFREE full colour magazine for spectroscopists in Asia and the Pacific Rim. With four issues annually it is available free, when you register for subscription at
www.spectroscopyasia.com.
3.Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN), the only high-frequency publication dedicated to biotech news, from bench to business, was introduced in 1981 as the first biotechnology trade publication. Now in its 27th year, GEN retains its position as the most widely read biotechnology publication around the globe. (Available:USA AND CANADA only)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/gen/
4.BioProcess™ Asia-Pacific! - The only publication dedicated to providing this dynamic region with the high quality, scientific, peer-reviewed information necessary to successfully implement the latest applications and technologies to the biotherapeutic development and manufacturing process. (Print version Available in USA.Canada and Europe)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/bpi/
5.Biotech International is the leading international magazine for the life science industry.
Print version Available in Canada, Mexico, Selected International
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/bti/
6.BioTechniques is a peer-reviewed international journal that serves scientists engaged in basic and applied research.
Print version Available in USA, Canada & Europe (Print Only), Asia Pacific (Digital Version Only)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/biot/
7.Chemical Engineering.The industry gateway for chemical engineering and plant operations
Print version Available in USA (Print only version), International (Digital only version)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/cmen/
8.Chemical Processing is the only magazine that focuses exclusively on chemical manufacturing and its complexities.
Print version Available inUSA (Print and Digital editions), Select International (Digital edition only)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/chp/
9.Clinical Laboratory International (CLI) is the leading clinical lab magazine internationally and is crammed with information of direct relevance to everyone working in clinical and blood bank laboratories
Print version Available inMexico, Selected International
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/cli/
10.The resource for designers of cosmetic, fragrance, and personal care product packaging.
Print version Available inUSA, Canada (Print only), Selected International (Digital only)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/cpcp/
11.Filtration+Separation is the end user magazine for the international filtration and separation industry
Print version Available inUSA (Print Edition Only), Europe (Digital Edition Only)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/fas/
12.Lab Manager Magazine® helps provide a forum and a framework to help lab professionals hire and supervise staff, establish a laboratory, and plan a coherent research program, while keeping the goals of good science and scientific discovery at the forefront
Print version Available inUSA & Canada (Digital and Print Editions Available), International (Digital Edition Only)
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/lbmg/
13.Nature Biotechnology devotes pages specifically to in-depth analysis of issues concerning biotechnology intellectual property case law and policy, together with breaking news on patents. Also included in each issue are key emerging areas such as computational biology and materials science.
Print version Available inUSA, Canada, Selected International
http://all-freemagazines.tradepub.com/free/nbt/
14.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery publishes the highest-quality reviews and perspectives plus news stories and features that investigate key issues in drug discovery. You'll also benefit from timely summaries of the most significant primary research, market analysis, and updates on fast-moving areas such as new drug approvals and patent law.
Print version Available inUSA, Canada, Selected International
http://chemspy.tradepub.com/free/nrdd/?p=nrdd
15.Drug Discovery News magazine
http://online.icnfull.com/orp/
Terms of use :All deals, and promotions on this site are subject to change without notice. This Blog does not guarantee the accuracy of links, or deals on this site. we are a portal used to save your time finding deals on the internet. We are not responsible for any products ordered. Magazine titles, logos, cover images and marks on this site are the property of their respective owners.
Friday, October 17, 2008
Chemical Hazard/Safety Symbols Free Download
Thursday, October 16, 2008
Online Visitors Widget to website
try these free online visit counters widget/gadgets for blog and blogspot
http://www.geovisites.com/en/directory/tourism_amusement-parks.php
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
Tips For Studying Organic Chemistry
HOW TO START STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
visit this site for learning the basics of organic chemistry .Lot of animated study materials are included in the site which will help you in better understanding ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ANIMATIONS
I suggest you to download the book "Organic chemistry as second language"to start learning organic chemistry from the basics ------------to download CLICK HERE
HAVE A DESIRE TO LEARN .NEVER CRAM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
Learning organic chemistry doesn’t require any special talent. In order to succeed in your study of organic chemistry, you need only the desire to learn and the willingness to work hard.
Organic chemistry is not a subject that can be crammed. Many students make the mistake o trying to memorize this subject. An understanding of basic principles is more important than just memorization. It is true that facts must be learned , but you will be confused by them unless you understand them first.
READ CAREFULLY.NEVER SKIP TOPICS
First read each chapter carefully. Then close the book and try to reproduce the key facts you have studied .Be specific and write them down .This technique will rapidly reveal which items you know well and which requires further study .Then spent more time on these items which caused trouble.
Organic chemistry is cumulative .That is what you learned today is a basis for new material tomorrow. It is important that you attempt to master each topic /concept before going to a new one .So do not read selectively.
NEVER GET BEHIND .SET DEADLINES
Some of us have poor study habits .A fatal sin in organic chemistry is to fall behind .attempts at cramming at a night or two before an examination bring the ghastly realization that the subject cannot be quickly learned. Also, the pace of the course does not allow much breathing space to catch up once one is left behind. So keep up
Set a deadline for each chapter .without setting deadlines we do get serious about getting something done. Studying organic chemistry for one hour every day is much better than studying seven hours on sunday.
LEARN BASIC OF ORGANIC STRUCTURE. MASTER NOMENCLATURE
If you don’t know how to name a simple compound, like alcohol or an alkene or ether, you will fail every test. Guaranteed!
The whole language of organic chemistry is based on nomenclature and basic structure. The more you learn the basics ,the easier it will be to understand how chemical reactions affect them.If you can easily pick out ketones ,alcohols, carboxylic acids, ethers, amines and hydrocarbons(alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons)and name them ,you will be in a very good position to start understanding how and why reactions occur .practice, practice, practice ! Nomenclature is easy to understand once you have done it a few times.
Outline the lecture notes every week. That is, rewrite your notes using the fewest possible words, in outline format, with arrows connecting related ideas. And make short note on what you actually understand in your own words in a pieces of paper, called as "cheat sheets" to each exam.This will help you to refresh your knowledge. For some complex reactions which are very difficult to remember you make a separate chit sheet and put it in your pocket and just go through the chit sheet while you relax or u can make a bigger chart of such type of reaction and stick it in your bed room wall or somewhere you will surely notice it and it will be easy to recollect.
STUDY ACTIVELY.USE LOTS OF PAPER AND PENCIL
Write structures, reactions and mechanisms over and over again. Organic chemistry is best assimilated by writing, and not by simple reading. There is a good reason for this , organic structures, reactions and mechanisms are complex. If you simple examine them, you may think you understand them thoroughly. This level of understanding comes to most of us through writing. Only by writing we pay attention to the details, such as, which atoms are connected to which atoms , which bond breaks in a reaction and which bond form. When we write reactions and mechanisms, connections are made in our brain that provides the long term memory needed for success in organic chemistry. I can guarantee that your SCORE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is directly proportional to the number of pages of paper that you will fill with your own writing in studying during the course.
When it comes time to study for exams, especially finals, the problem is always time management. How can you most effectively use precious study time? Well, this is the best part of the method. Instead of reading over many pages of lecture notes and hundreds of book pages, you will only have to study what is on your highly condensed, few sheets of paper. While others are trying to figure out what to study, you are simply looking over a few pages with all the essential information WRITTEN IN YOUR OWN WORDS! After this review, do representative
DO A LOT OF PRACTICE PROBLEMS .YOU CANNOT HIT A SIXER IF YOU HAVE NEVER SWUNG THE BAT BEFORE.
Lets face it. The standard measuring stick for your performance is your performance on examinations. These are composed of problems that you must solve on your own, without reference to note or text book.
It is extremely important that you apply what you have learned. The idea / concepts will not be fixed in your mind until you put them to use. to achieve this, do lot of problems .
STAY STRESS FREE
Keep yourself stress free .This is because stress affects your memory and concentration .It make you feel tired .stress reduces your efficiency .Relieve yourself of extra strain by selecting goals and keeping a diary
GOOD LUCK !! (and remember always –VALENCY OF CARBON IS FOUR! you cannot draw five bonds from a carbon atom)
Friday, October 10, 2008
Laboratory synthesis of propranolol
SYNTHESIS OF PROPRANOLOL
To synthesis and find out the percentage yield of Propranolol
1. Kaiser, C., Jen, T., Garvey, E., Bowen, W.D. (1997). Journal of
Medicinal Chemistry, 20(5), 687-9.
2. Crowther, A.F. & Smith, L.H. (1968). Journal of Medicinal
Chemistry, 11, 1009-13.
3. Jaggers, S. E.; Jones, G. (1978). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, v. 21, n. 2, p. 182-188.
PRINCIPLE
Propranolol is the most useful nonselective adrenergic antagonist (β1, β2- blocker). Propranolol is used in the treatment of angina and hypertension. By antagonizing the β2-receptor, propranolol possesses serious problems to asthmatic patients. Propranolol presents an aryloxypropanolamine structure and has been synthesized in two steps from α-naphthol, using the route shown below:
A. Synthesis of epoxide
Transfer 1.25 g (0.0085 mol) of 1-naphthol (PM = 144.18 g/mol), 0.5 g KOH to a round-bottom flask and add ethanol/H2O (9:1). After dissolution, add drop wise 4ml (0.049 moles) of epichlorhydrin (MM = 92.5 g/mol, d = 1.180 g/ml, and e.p. 114 °C). The reaction is left under magnetic stirring at room temperature for 48 h. TLC is carried out in an eluent system (hexane/ethyl acetate 9:1) to monitor the end of the reaction. Remove ethanol by vacuum evaporator. Extract aqueous phase with ethyl ether. The ethyl ether extract is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Filter and remove solvent to obtain the crude brown oil.
B. Synthesis of propranolol
Transfer 0.2 g (1.0 mmol) of the crude oil with methanol to a round-bottom flask fitted with a stopper and add 4ml of isopropylamine (47 mmol; 2.78 g; d = 0.694 g/ml). Keep the reaction under temperature control (t = 40 °C), for 2 h. Remove solvents by vacuum evaporator. To the obtained product, add 30ml of 2.0 mol/L HCl and transfer to a separating funnel. Extract with ethyl ether. Transfer the aqueous extract to an Erlenmeyer flask and alkalinize with 32ml, 2.0 mol/L NaOH, in an ice bath (0 °C), with vigorous stirring to precipitate the product. Filter the precipitate, dry in a vacuum desiccator, and recrystallize from petrol ether (boiling point = 65–110 °C). Weigh the solid.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Molecular weight of 1- Naphthol = 144.17g
Molecular weight of propranolol = 259.3 g
Theoretical yield = 2.25 g
Practical yield = ……… g
Percentage yield =
Determine the melting point (reported m.p., 95–96 °C).
RESULTS
At least two products are obtained in the first step reaction; however, it is not necessary to purify the crude oil. The by-product results from nucleophilic attack of potassium salt of 1-naphthol to the formed epoxide. This by-product is removed in the second step by ether extraction. The yield is satisfactory. Spectrometric data analysis is recommended.
Thursday, October 9, 2008
Upcoming seminars, Conferences and Events In Pharmacy (India) October 2008 update
1.First International Conference On Pharmacovigilance And Clinical Data Management
Date: 2-5 November 2008
Venue: Full day workshop on 2 November at Cognizant Hiranandani Business Park, Powai, Mumbai followed by a three day conference from 3 -5 November, at The Residence Hotel, Powai Mumbai.
2.Theoretical and Practical Course "Transgene Expression in Plants"
Organiser: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB, New Delhi, India)
Date:10 - 13 November 2008
http://www.icgeb.trieste.it/meetings-2008.html
3.2nd Indo - US meeting on Mitochondrial Research & Medicine
Date:12-14 November 2008
Venue-ManipalUniversity,Manglore
5. AICTE Sponsored one day seminar on "Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences."
Venue:- NIPER ,S.A.S.Nagar,Punjab,India
Date:16 th November -20 th November 2008
http://niper.nic.in/
7.Biology in the new millennium “Indo-US conference on translational medicine and infectious diseases”
Date-17-20 November, 2008
Venue - National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India .
http://www.nii.res.in/
10.National Seminar and Workshop on "Metabolic Networks and Drug Discovery"
Date:28-11-2008 to 30-11-2008
Venue:Banarus Hindhu University
http://www.bhu.ac.in/seminar/seminar.htm
11.P-Mec India
Date: 27-30 November 2008
Venue: Bombay Exhibition Centre-NSE Exhibition Complex, Mumbai.
http://www.cphi-india.com/content/P-MECIndia.aspx
Date:25th to 29th November 2008
Venue: Department of Microbiology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry.
Date:December 11-12, 2008
17.60th Indian Pharmaceutical Congress (IPC) 2008
Date: 12-14 December, 2008
Venue: Netaji Subash Institute of Technology, New Delhi
http://www.ipcdelhi.com/
18.International Conference On Biotechnological Approaches To Neuroimmunomodulation And Infectious Diseases (Icbanid)
Date- December 11-13, 2008.
Venue-National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Sector-67, Phase-X, S. A. S. Nagar-160 062, Punjab,
http://niper.nic.in/
21.International Conference On Translational Pharmacology and 41 st Annual Conference Of Indian Pharmacological Society
Date:December18-20 2008
Venue:AIIMS ,N.Delhi
http://www.ips-aiims.com/
22.INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MOLECULAR MEDICINE With special reference to therapeutic applications (NEW)
23.International Conference on Interplay of Chemical and Biological Sciences: Impact on Health and Environment
Date-26th February - 1st March 2009
Venue- Delhi University, Delhi
Organized by-Indian Society of Chemists & Biologists, India and Delhi University
http://www.iscbindia.org/conference.htm
24.Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK)symposium
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