Entertaining Chemistry

BITS PILANI M.Pharm Admission 2009-2010

2009-11-01T11:47:00.002+05:30

The Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani offers degree programmes in Engineering, Sciences, Technology, Pharmacy, Management and Humanities.
LAST DATE-30 NOVEMBER 2009
for details -click here

Mpharm admission 2009-2010

Pharm.D Admission 2009

2009-10-17T10:34:00.002+05:30

Few seats are available for Pharm .D course

Duration-6 years
Affiliated to :University of Calicut
Eligibility for Admission:
A Pass in H.Sc (10+2 level) (Academic stream) With 50% of marks in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Botany and Zoology) or any other equivalent qualification.

For details CONTACT
AL SHIFA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
POONTHAVANAM.PO
KIZHATTUR
PERINTHALMANNA
MALAPPURAM
KERALA , PIN : 679325
INDIA
PHONE: 04933-271416,04933-212100

LAST DATE : 30 0CTOBER 2009

Staff Develpoment Programme

2009-07-02T10:12:00.004+05:30

AICTE SPONSORED STAFF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
"PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION A GLOBAL PROSPECTIVE”

Date: 3 - 14 AUGUST 2009

Venue: AL SHIFA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Poonthavanam .P.OKizhattur, Perinthalamanna. 679325.

Tel:+914933271416, 212100.Fax:+914933271416

For application form and details -CLICK HERE

M.Pharm admission 2009-2010

2009-04-02T16:29:00.024+05:30

M.PHARM ADMISSION 2009-2010

Master of Pharmacy admission -India 2009
admission to various Pharmacy colleges in India

BITS PILANI M.Pharm Admission 2009-2010 (new)

The Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani offers degree programmes in Engineering, Sciences, Technology, Pharmacy, Management and Humanities.

LAST DATE- 30 NOVEMBER 2009

for details - click here

1.NIPER JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATION – 2009
(NIPER-JEE 2009)

For admission to M.S. (Pharm.); M.Pharm.; M.Tech. (Pharm.); M.B.A. (Pharm.)

LAST DATES
Last date for receipt of request for issue of Information Brochure by post -6^th April 2009
Last date for issue of Information Brochure (at NIPER, S.A.S. Nagar) - 27^th April 2009
Last date for receipt of completed applications (at NIPER, S.A.S. Nagar) -27^th April 2009
For details visit-http://www.niper.gov.in/niperjee2009.html

2. Banaras Hindu University (BHU)

Applications are invited for admission to M.Tech./M.Pharm. programme offered by various Departments and inter-disciplinary schools in the Institute of Technology for the Session 2009-2010.
Eligibility: Candidates who have qualified in the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) (conducted jointly by the IITs and IISc. Bangalore) and who, in addition, possess the requisite qualifications as indicated in the Brochure for the respective department/school, are eligible for admission to Post-Graduate programmes leading to M.Tech./ M.Pharm. degree.

Last Date- Application form and information brochure are available on www.itbhu.ac.in and www.bhu.ac.in from 6th April, 2009.

For details visit- http://www.itbhu.ac.in/admissions/
3. Manipal University,Manipal - 576104.Karnataka.

Admisiion to MPT, MOT, MASLP, MSc MLT, MSc MIT, MSc NMT,
MSc Optometry, MRT, MSc CVT, MPharm, MSc in Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences, PharmD Post Baccalaureate,MSc Nursing

Last day to apply -23-4-2009

For details visit -http://www.manipal.edu/manipalsite/Users/admissionsubpage.aspx?Pgid=20

4.BITS PILANI,RAJASTHAN.
Admission to M.Pharm course.
for details visit-http://www.bitsadmission.com/hd/hdmain.htm
5.JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY,KOLKATA – 700032

Online Application Form, Application Fee Deposit Slip and Information,
Brochure along with eligibility criteria will be available at Jadavpur University website from 24.03.2009 for admission in the following Master Degree Courses of Engineering / Technology / Architecture / Pharmacy for the Session 2009-10:

for details visit-http://www.jadavpur.edu/announce/Announce.htm

6.VELS UNIVERSITY,CHENNAI

Vels Entrance Examination 2009-2010 (VEE2009) B.Pharm, M.Pharm, B.E (CSE, EEE, ECE) Marine, M.B.A, M.C.A

Application for Entrance Examination can be obtained on payment of Rs.500/- in cash, in person or by sending Demand Draft (DD) for Rs.550/- in favour of "The Registrar, Vels University" payable at Chennai. Application can also be obtained from select Head Post Offices across India by paying Rs.550/-

Important Dates - VEE2009

Issue of Application Forms from: 16.02.2009
Last Date of submission of Application: 24.04.2009
Date of Entrance Examination: 24.05.2009

FOR DETAILS- http://www.velsuniv.org/vee.htm

7.Hamdard University - Admission 2009 – 2010

Admission To M.Pharm. (1) Pharmaceutical Chemistry (2) Pharmaceutics (3) Pharmacology (4) Pharacognosy & Phytochemistry (5) Pharmacy Practice (6) Quality Assurance (7) Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (8) Pharmaceutical Analysis

Application form and prospectus will be available from the University Counter Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Hamdard (Wakf) Labs, Kankar Bagh, Patna: Books and Books, Hazrat Gan, Lucknow; Friends Books House,Shamshad Market, Aligarh; DSW Office, University of Kashmir, Srinagar; Centre for information and Guidance India (CIGI) Chevayur, Calicut;

APPLICATION FORMS WILL BE AVAILABLE FROM-12 MARCH 2009

LAST DATE-16 APRIL 2009

DETAILS-http://www.jamiahamdard.edu/

7.Bharati Vidyapeeth University Admission Notice 2009-2010
Poona College of Pharmacy – M.Pharm.
Entrance Test Date: 5th July, 2009
Centers: Pune, Navi Mumbai, Delhi
Last date for submission of form: 25th June, 2009
Application Fee: Rs.600/- ; By Post Rs.800/-
Entrance Test Fee: Rs.1000/-
8.Karpagam University Coimbatore
Admissions M.Pharma
FOR DETAILS-http://karpagamuniversity.ac.in/
9. Nitte University,Manglore.

The Nitte University will be conducting an entrance test on 12-4-2009 (Sunday) for admission to Post Graduate programmes in the courses listed below in its constituent colleges for the academic year 2009-10. The eligible candidates desirous to appear for the entrance test may send in their application form as described in the website www.nitte.ac.in to the Registrar, Nitte University, Deralakatte, Mangalore(D.K) 575 018 on or before 07-04-2009. For further details, refer under course.

Course	Constitutent College
MD / MS	K S Hegde Medical Academy
M.Pharm	NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
M.Sc(Nursing)	Nitte Usha Institute of Nursing Sciences
M.PT	Nitte Institute of Physiotherapy

10.J.S.S. UNIVERSITY,Mysore.
Admission Notification, Application form and Information Brochure for M Pharm course for the academic year 2009 at JSS College of Pharmacy Mysore and Ooty.

http://www.jssuni.edu.in/notifications.html#top

11.BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , RANCHI

Admission to M.Pharm Course in

Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacology
Clinical Research

Minimum Eligibility Criteria for the M. Pharm programme
Candidates must hold a B. Pharm degree from a PCI and AICTE approved Institute. Candidates must have a first class or minimum 60% marks in average (45% for SC/ST) in graduation. [Sponsored candidates must have minimum 55% in average (45% for SC/ ST) in graduation]. In case the examining Board does not award a class, the percentage marks in graduation will be computed as average of marks obtained in all subjects in which candidate has appeared (excluding optional subjects). Candidates should preferably be GATE qualified. Non-GATE candidates may also apply –

for details: CLICK HERE

12.Siksha O Anusandhan University

i) Two Year M.Pharm Programmes in :
(a) Pharmaceutics (e) Pharmacognosy
(b) Pharmaceutical (f) Pharmachemistry Analysis and Quality Assurance
(c) Pharmacology (g) Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy.
(d) Pharma Technology (h) Pharma-Biotechnology

for details : click here

13.Dayananda Sagar College of Pharmacy

Master's Degree in Pharmacy (M.pharma)

Course content for M.Pharm

Branch of Specialization

1	Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis.
2	Preformulation and Production Management.
3	Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics.
4	Advance Drug Delivery Systems.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1	Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis.
2	Advanced Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Organic)
3	Medicinal Chemistry-I (Drug design)
4	Medicinal Chemistry-II (Natural products)

Pharmacology

1	Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis.
2	Advanced Pharmacology & Toxicology.
3	Pharmacological screening methods and Clinical evaluation.
4	Molecular Biology.

for details:click here
14. M.Pharm admission BITS Pilani campus.

For admission to Higher Degree programmes leading to M.E./M.Pharm., candidates have to appear in the Online tests conducted by BITS at designated centers in different cities (See the advertisement and the detailed brochure available at the website while applying online). Shortlisted candidates will be required to come for an interview at Pilani/Goa/Hyderabad at their own cost and the admission is made on the basis of the performance in the online test and interviews.
for details- click here
15. M.Pharm admission KLE University, Belgaum

M.Pharm, M.D Ayurveda, M.P.T, M.Sc Nursing

Applications are invited from NRI/POI/Foreign Students for the admission under 20% Management Quota for the Post Graduate Courses conducted by the KLE University, Belgaum in its constituent colleges for the year 2009-10. Duly completed application form should reach the undersigned on or before 20th May, 2009. Details of the eligibility criteria, tuition and other fees, etc. can be obtained from :click here

16.SASTRA University,Thanjavur,Tamil Nadu ,India.

M.Pharm in Pharmacology / Pharmaceutics / Pharmacoinformatics

for Details of the eligibility criteria, tuition and other fees, CLICK HERE

17.Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences,M.G University,Kottayam. admission for M.Pharm. Eligibility: B.Pharm. with 60% marks. (i) Pharmaceutics (4 semesters) (ii) Pharmacognosy (4 semesters) B.Pharm with 60% marks.
candidate with vailid GATE score will get preference.
Application form for M.Pharm can be obtained from The Principal, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheruvandoor, Ettumanoor, Kottayam Dist. for deatils click here
tag:M.Pharm colleges in kerala admissions.
18.Lovely Professional University ,Phagwara ,Punjab .M.Pharm admission 2009.
Eligibility: 50% aggregate marks in B.Pharmacy (appearing candidates can also apply) How to apply: Candidates can either apply online or can submit the pre-application supplement (Pharmacy) PS-form at the University campus or camp office with fee of Rs. 450/- Written test would be held at University Campus, Phagwara (Punjab) and Delhi Last date of submission: 04th June, 2009
for details click here
19.Guru Jambheswar University of Science and Technology (GJUST) - MPharm Admission 2009
Admission For MPharm (Pharmaceutics),Application form and other details are also available on the University http://www.gju.ernet.in/.

20.R.G.U.H.S (Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka)M.Pharm Admission 2009(New)

M.Pharm in Karnataka Pharmacy colleges

for details-click here

April Fool's Day Hoaxes

2009-04-01T00:28:00.003+05:30

APRIL FOOL DAY

The Top 10 April Fool's Day Hoaxes of All Time

Well-known pranks

1: The Swiss Spaghetti Harvest 1957: The respected BBC news show Panorama announced that thanks to a very mild winter and the virtual elimination of the dreaded spaghetti weevil, Swiss farmers were enjoying a bumper spaghetti crop. It accompanied this announcement with footage of Swiss peasants pulling strands of spaghetti down from trees. Huge numbers of viewers were taken in. Many called the BBC wanting to know how they could grow their own spaghetti tree. To this the BBC diplomatically replied, "place a sprig of spaghetti in a tin of tomato sauce and hope for the best."

#2: Sidd Finch

1985: Sports Illustrated published a story about a new rookie pitcher who planned to play for the Mets. His name was Sidd Finch, and he could reportedly throw a baseball at 168 mph with pinpoint accuracy. This was 65 mph faster than the previous record. Surprisingly, Sidd Finch had never even played the game before. Instead, he had mastered the "art of the pitch" in a Tibetan monastery under the guidance of the "great poet-saint Lama Milaraspa." Mets fans celebrated their teams' amazing luck at having found such a gifted player, and Sports Illustrated was flooded with requests for more information. In reality this legendary player only existed in the imagination of the author of the article, George Plimpton.

#3: Instant Color TV

1962: In 1962 there was only one tv channel in Sweden, and it broadcast in black and white. The station's technical expert, Kjell Stensson, appeared on the news to announce that, thanks to a new technology, viewers could convert their existing sets to display color reception. All they had to do was pull a nylon stocking over their tv screen. Stensson proceeded to demonstrate the process. Thousands of people were taken in. Regular color broadcasts only commenced in Sweden on April 1, 1970.

#4: The Taco Liberty Bell

1996: The Taco Bell Corporation announced it had bought the Liberty Bell and was renaming it the Taco Liberty Bell. Hundreds of outraged citizens called the National Historic Park in Philadelphia where the bell was housed to express their anger. Their nerves were only calmed when Taco Bell revealed, a few hours later, that it was all a practical joke. The best line of the day came when White House press secretary Mike McCurry was asked about the sale. Thinking on his feet, he responded that the Lincoln Memorial had also been sold. It would now be known, he said, as the Ford Lincoln Mercury Memorial.

#5: San Serriffe

1977: The British newspaper The Guardian published a special seven-page supplement devoted to San Serriffe, a small republic said to consist of several semi-colon-shaped islands located in the Indian Ocean. A series of articles affectionately described the geography and culture of this obscure nation. Its two main islands were named Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse. Its capital was Bodoni, and its leader was General Pica. The Guardian's phones rang all day as readers sought more information about the idyllic holiday spot. Only a few noticed that everything about the island was named after printer's terminology. The success of this hoax is widely credited with launching the enthusiasm for April Foolery that gripped the British tabloids in subsequent decades.

#6: Nixon for President

1992: National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation program announced that Richard Nixon, in a surprise move, was running for President again. His new campaign slogan was, "I didn't do anything wrong, and I won't do it again." Accompanying this announcement were audio clips of Nixon delivering his candidacy speech. Listeners responded viscerally to the announcement, flooding the show with calls expressing shock and outrage. Only during the second half of the show did the host John Hockenberry reveal that the announcement was a practical joke. Nixon's voice was impersonated by comedian Rich Little.

#7: Alabama Changes the Value of Pi

1998: The April 1998 issue of the New Mexicans for Science and Reason newsletter contained an article claiming that the Alabama state legislature had voted to change the value of the mathematical constant pi from 3.14159 to the 'Biblical value' of 3.0. Soon the article made its way onto the internet, and then it rapidly spread around the world, forwarded by email. It only became apparent how far the article had spread when the Alabama legislature began receiving hundreds of calls from people protesting the legislation. The original article, which was intended as a parody of legislative attempts to circumscribe the teaching of evolution, was written by physicist Mark Boslough.

#8: The Left-Handed Whopper

1998: Burger King published a full page advertisement in USA Today announcing the introduction of a new item to their menu: a "Left-Handed Whopper" specially designed for the 32 million left-handed Americans. According to the advertisement, the new whopper included the same ingredients as the original Whopper (lettuce, tomato, hamburger patty, etc.), but all the condiments were rotated 180 degrees for the benefit of their left-handed customers. The following day Burger King issued a follow-up release revealing that although the Left-Handed Whopper was a hoax, thousands of customers had gone into restaurants to request the new sandwich. Simultaneously, according to the press release, "many others requested their own 'right handed' version."

#9: Hotheaded Naked Ice Borers

1995: Discover Magazine reported that the highly respected wildlife biologist Dr. Aprile Pazzo had found a new species in Antarctica: the hotheaded naked ice borer. These fascinating creatures had bony plates on their heads that, fed by numerous blood vessels, could become burning hot, allowing the animals to bore through ice at high speeds. They used this ability to hunt penguins, melting the ice beneath the penguins and causing them to sink downwards into the resulting slush where the hotheads consumed them. After much research, Dr. Pazzo theorized that the hotheads might have been responsible for the mysterious disappearance of noted Antarctic explorer Philippe Poisson in 1837. "To the ice borers, he would have looked like a penguin," the article quoted her as saying. Discover received more mail in response to this article than they had received for any other article in their history.

#10: Planetary Alignment Decreases Gravity

1976: The British astronomer Patrick Moore announced on BBC Radio 2 that at 9:47 AM a once-in-a-lifetime astronomical event was going to occur that listeners could experience in their very own homes. The planet Pluto would pass behind Jupiter, temporarily causing a gravitational alignment that would counteract and lessen the Earth's own gravity. Moore told his listeners that if they jumped in the air at the exact moment that this planetary alignment occurred, they would experience a strange floating sensation. When 9:47 AM arrived, BBC2 began to receive hundreds of phone calls from listeners claiming to have felt the sensation. One woman even reported that she and her eleven friends had risen from their chairs and floated around the room.

WHY TEETH IN A SINGLE ROW

2009-03-27T23:09:00.006+05:30

HEALTHY TEETH

A system of opposing genetic forces determines why mamals develop a single row of teeth,while sharks sport several,according to a study published in the journal of science.When completely understood, the genetic programme described in the study may help guide effort to regrow missing teeth and prevent cleft palate,one of the most common birth defects.
gene expression is the process by which information stored in genes is converted into proteins that make up the body'sstructure and carry its message.As the baby's face takes shape in the womb,the deveopment of teeth and palate are tightly controlled in space and time by gene expression.Related abnormalities result in the development of teeth outside of the normal row,missing teeth and cleft palate,and the new insights suggest ways to combact these malformations.
The current study adds an important details to the understaning of the interplay between biochemicals that induce teeth formation,and others that restrict it,to result in the correct pattern.specfically,researchers discovered that turning off a single gene in mice resulted in development of extra teeth,next to and inside of their first molars.While the study was in mice ,past studies have shown that the involved biochemical palyers are active in human as well.

How to calculate approximate titre volume

2009-01-17T20:10:00.004+05:30

The end point of a titration should not come as a surprise to the analayst .Before a single drop of titrant has been added ,a n estimate of the end point volume should be carried out .For a simple foreward titration ,the approximate titre is given by

sample weight

--------------------- = "x" ml ( titre volume)

equivalent weight

This calculation makes two assumptions ,neither of which is valid ,namely that the factor of the titrant to be used in the assay is 1.000 and that the sample is 100 % pure .Neither of these assumptions is true,but the factor will be close to 1.000 and the purity will usually be close to 100% , so the estimate is worth doing .The approximate titre calculation is also the first sign the analyst has that things are going wrong in the assay .If the approximate titre is estimated as (say ) 18 ml , alarm bell should begin to ring if no end point has been reached after approximately 20 ml . One truth is that the analaysts are ,by nature ,lzy and do not want to refill the burette during a titration.

tags: assay,titration calculations,assay calculation,shortcuts for titration, assay of compounds,calcuation of titre volume, detection of end point, titre volume without doing titration

CICHORIUM INTYBUS

2009-01-08T21:10:00.002+05:30

HEPATOPROTECTIVES, LIVER TONIC, ANTI HEPATOTOXIC

CICHORIUM INTYBUS

CICHORIUM INTYBUS commonly known as Chicory is an indigenous perennial herb well reputed ancient Indian medicine as a liver tonic. Accordingly it has been used as ayurvedic medicine for gall and liver disturbances. It forms an important component of several important liver preparations in India
In preclinical studies an alcoholic extract of the Cichorium intybus was found to be effective against chlorpromazine-induced hepatic damage in adult albino rats. Study done by using ethanol extract of Cichorium intybus in dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant increase in circulating leukocytes and relative weights of liver, as compared with alcohol alone which provides the evidence for liver protective effects of the herb.

Phyllanthus niruri

2008-12-19T23:29:00.003+05:30

HEPATOPROTECTIVES, LIVER TONIC, ANTI HEPATOTOXIC

Phyllanthus niruri
Bhuiamalaki, botanically known has Phyllanthus niruri is a member of Euphorbiaceae family. The decoction of the plant has historically being used in jaundice. In a preliminary study, carriers of hepatitis B virus were treated with a preparation of the plant Phyllanthus niruri for 30 days. 22 of 37 (59%) treated patients had lost hepatitis B surface antigen when tested 15-20 days after the end of the treatment compared with only 1 of 23 (4%) placebo-treated controls. Some subjects have been followed for up to 9 months. In no case has the surface antigen returned. Studies also revealed that Phyllanthus niruri exhibits antiviral actions on Hepatitis B in human subjects and in vitro.
Preclinical studies demonstrates that an extract of the Phyllanthus niruri plant inhibits endogenous DNA polymerase of hepatitis B virus and binds to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. Extracts of Phyllanthus niruri have been shown to exert hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver cell damage in rabbits. Pre-treatment with extract of Phyllanthus niruri, reduced paracetamol-induced acute liver damage in rats as monitored by estimating the serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and histopathological changes in the livers.

Withania somnifera

2008-12-19T00:26:00.002+05:30

HEPATOPROTECTIVE AGENTS, LIVER TONIC, ANTI HEPATOTOXICWithania somnifera

Withania somnifera (L) Dunal (Solanaceae), commonly called Ashwagandha (Sanskrit) is an Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant, which has been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments.
Mechanism by which the W. somnifera exerts a hepatoprotective effect in a hyperammonemic condition could be attributed to (i) presence of natural antioxidants, (ii) its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties and (iii) excess removal of urea related compounds. The exact underlying mechanism is still unclear and further research is needed.

Boerhavia diffusa

2008-12-19T00:20:00.001+05:30

HEPATOPROTECTIVE AGENTS, LIVER TONIC, ANTI HEPATOTOXICBoerhavia diffusa

The roots of Boerhavia diffusa, commonly known as 'Punarnava', are used by a large number of tribes in India for the treatment of various hepatic disorders and for interna inflammation. Anodectal data has lso reported effectiveness of Boerhavia diffusa incases of oedema and ascites resulting from early cirrhosis of the liver and chronic peritonitis. . A proprietory hepatotonic herbal formulation containing Boerhavia diffusa as one of the major ingredient offered significant protection against decrease in haemoglobin percentage R.B.C. and W.B.C counts and the various liver microsomal enzymes.

Tinospora cordifolia

2008-12-19T00:14:00.002+05:30

HEPATOPROTECTIVE AGENTS, LIVER TONIC, ANTI HEPATOTOXIC Tinospora cordifolia

Tinospora cordifolia commonly known as Guduchi is one of the most valuable medicinal herbs of ayurveda. According to the Ayurvedic lexicons Tinospora cordifolia is referred to as 'Amrita'. The term 'Amrita' is attributed to this drug in recognition of its ability to impart youthfulness, vitality and longevity to its patron. In modern medicine it is well known for its hepatoprotective, adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activities.
Kupffer cells are major determinants of outcome of liver injury. Their activity was therefore studied in a model of chronic liver disease. The effect of Tinospora cordifolia, with proven hepatoprotective activity, was evaluated on Kupffer cell function, using carbon clearance test as a parameter. Antihepatotoxic activity of Tinospora cordifolia was studied in albino rats intoxicated with CCl4.
Liver function was assessed based on morphological, biochemical (SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatase, Serum bilirubin) and functional (Pentobarbitone sleep time) tests. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia as a sole constituent in goats liver were studied. Results revealed clinical and hematobiochemical improvement at the later stages in Tinospora cordifolia treated goats, indicating that it has got hepatoprotective action

Silybum marianum

2008-12-19T00:03:00.005+05:30

HEPATOPROTECTIVE AGENTS, LIVER TONIC, ANTI HEPATOTOXIC

Silybum marianum

Blessed Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) is a milk thistle, a plant of the Asteraceae family. This fairly typical thistle has red to purple flowers and shiny pale green leaves with white veins. Originally a native of Southern Europe through to Asia, it is now found throughout the world. The medicinal parts of the plant are the ripe seeds.

Its traditional use as a liver tonic has been supported by research showing that it contains constituents that protect liver cells from chemical damage. Historically, this herb has been used in Europe as a liver tonic, and current phytotherapy indicates its use in a whole range of liver and gallbladder conditions, including hepatitis and cirrhosis. It may also have value in the treatment of chronic uterine problems. A wealth of research done in Germany is revealing exciting data about reversal of toxic liver damage, as well as protection from potential hepato-toxic agents.

A study conducted in 85 patients revealed that silybin conjugated with vitamin E and phospholipids could be used as a complementary approach to the treatment of patients with chronic liver damage.

HOW TO MAKE YOUR BLOG BEAUTIFUL

2008-12-16T00:24:00.004+05:30

TIPS TO MAKE BLOG BEAUTIFUL AND ELEGANT

Adding christmas countdown widgets

I found some beautiful widgets in the net that makes your blog more beautiful.Check my blog to see how it looks. MERRY CHRISTMAS

Go to http://www.pyzam.com/toys/view/christmascountdown#

select the widget of your choice and get the code

open your blog account , click layout

click on add gadget ,a popup window will open

click add HTML tag button

paste the code of your widget

save and view the blog

UPCOMING SEMINARS,CONFERENCES AND EVENTS

2008-12-10T00:29:00.020+05:30

FORTHCOMING SEMINARS,CONFERENCES AND EVENTS
IN PHARMACY June 2009 (INDIA) UPDATED

SEMINARS IN NOVEMBER 2008
1.First International Conference On Pharmacovigilance And Clinical Data Management

Date: 2-5 November 2008

Venue: Full day workshop on 2 November at Cognizant Hiranandani Business Park, Powai, Mumbai followed by a three day conference from 3 -5 November, at The Residence Hotel, Powai Mumbai.

2.Theoretical and Practical Course "Transgene Expression in Plants"

Organiser: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB, New Delhi, India)

Date:10 - 13 November 2008

http://www.icgeb.trieste.it/meetings-2008.html

3.2nd Indo - US meeting on Mitochondrial Research & Medicine

Date:12-14 November 2008

Venue-ManipalUniversity,Manglore
http://www.manipal.edu/manipalsite/Users/globalpage.aspx?pgid=52
4.National Seminar on Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Date: 13-15 November 2008.
Venue: PES College of Pharmacy,Hanumanth Nagar,Banglore.

5. AICTE Sponsored one day seminar on "Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences."
Date:November 14 -2008
venue:Erode College Of Pharmacy,Erode.
http://ecperode.in/seminar/
6.International Conference On New Developments In Drug Discovery From Natural Products And Traditional Medicines.

Venue:- NIPER ,S.A.S.Nagar,Punjab,India

Date:16 th November -20 th November 2008

http://niper.nic.in/

7.Biology in the new millennium “Indo-US conference on translational medicine and infectious diseases”

Date-17-20 November, 2008

Venue - National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India .

http://www.nii.res.in/
8.bioLOGIC India 2008: India’s most influential biopharmaceutical meeting
venue:Marriott hotel, Hyderabad.
Date:17-20 november 2008
http://www.terrapinn.com/2008/bioindia/
8.INDO-RUSSIAN WORKSHOPon Self - propagating High Temperature Synthesis
Date:Nov 27 - 29, 2008
venue:The Materials Research Centre (MRC),Banglore.
http://mrc.iisc.ernet.in/
9.National Seminar on Cancer - Biology and Development of New Chemical Entities
Date:20-22 november 2008
Venue:PSG College of Pharmacy,Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu
http://www.psgpharma.com/natsemi_cancer.html

10.National Seminar and Workshop on "Metabolic Networks and Drug Discovery"

Date:28-11-2008 to 30-11-2008

Venue:Banarus Hindhu University

http://www.bhu.ac.in/seminar/seminar.htm

11.P-Mec India

Date: 27-30 November 2008

Venue: Bombay Exhibition Centre-NSE Exhibition Complex, Mumbai.

http://www.cphi-india.com/content/P-MECIndia.aspx
12.Seventh National Workshop on “Simple Diagnostic Methods in Clinical Microbiology” Date:25th to 29th November 2008

Venue: Department of Microbiology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry.
http://www.jipmer.edu/
SEMINARS IN DECEMBER 2008
13.Recent Techniques in Structural and Functional Genomics
Date:December 1 -10, 2008
Venue:Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Lucknow – 226 015
http://www.cimap.res.in/WinterSchool_2008.html
14.DIA's 3rd Annual Conference on Drug Discovery and Clinical Development in India: Scientific, Regulatory, and Social Frontiers
Date:07 Dec 2008 - 10 Dec 2008
Venue:Renaissance Mumbai Hotel & Convention Centre,
2 & 3B, Near Chinmayanand, Ashram, Powai400087 MumbaiIndia
http://www.diahome.org/DIAHome/
15.R & D Conference 2008
Venue:India habitat centre N.Delhi
Date: december 6 -10 2008
http://www.cdriindia.org/endoconf2008/csirconfdec08.pdf
15.International Conference on Natural Products in Health & 21st Annual Conference of The Indian Society for Atherosclerosis Research.
Date: 8th - 10th December , 2008
Venue:Annamali university,Chidambaram.
http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/conference_bio_chem.htm
16.National Symposium On“Recent Advances inFemale Reproductive Health Research” Date:December 11-12, 2008
Venue:Central drug research institute,lucknow
http://www.cdriindia.org/endoconf2008/endosymp2008-1.pdf

17.60th Indian Pharmaceutical Congress (IPC) 2008

Date: 12-14 December, 2008

Venue: Netaji Subash Institute of Technology, New Delhi

http://www.ipcdelhi.com/

18.Science Conclave With Nobel Prize Winners (Interaction Meet of Young Scientists/Students/Teachers with Nobel Laureates/Eminent Scientists)

Date:15-21 December 2008

Venue:Indian institute of information technology,Allahabad.

http://scienceconclave.iiita.ac.in/

19.International Conference On Biotechnological Approaches To Neuroimmunomodulation And Infectious Diseases (Icbanid)

Date- December 11-13, 2008.

Venue-National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Sector-67, Phase-X, S. A. S. Nagar-160 062, Punjab,

http://niper.nic.in/
20.IISc Centenary Conference
Date:13-16
December 2008
Venue: Indian Institute Of Science,Banglore
http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/
21.A Satellite Alexander Hollaender Workshop on "Genetic Toxicology"
Da7te: December 15 - 17, 2008.
Venue:Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow
http://www.iitrindia.org/ForthcomingEvents.html

22.International Conference On Translational Pharmacology and 41 st Annual Conference Of Indian Pharmacological Society

Date:December18-20 2008

Venue:AIIMS ,N.Delhi

http://www.ips-aiims.com/

23.Meditel 2008 (new)
Organised by Medical Computer Society of India

Date : 19th - 20th DECEMBER, 2008
Venue: Sri Ramchandra Medical College & Research Institute, Porur,Chennai- 600116.

http://www.meditel2008.com/
SEMINARS IN JANUARY 2009
24. 96 th Indian Science Congress
Date: January 3-7 2009
Venue:North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU) ,Shillong-793022
http://www.isc2009nehu.com/

25.INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MOLECULAR MEDICINE With special reference to therapeutic applications
Organised by:The Laila Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd, Chennai In Association With:Indian Institute of Technology Madras,India,Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA and Sri Ramachandra University and Stella Maris College for women.
Date:January 18th - 20th, 2009
Venue: IIT Madras
http://molmed2009.com/

26.ICT Innovations

Date:January 22-23, 2009,

Venue:FICCI, Federation House, New Delhi

http://www.indiarnd.com/
26.21st Kerala Science Congress
Date: 28-31 January 2009
Venue: C. Kesavan Memorial Hall, Kollam,Kerala
http://www.ksc.kerala.gov.in/venueanddate.htm

27.International Conference on Interplay of Chemical and Biological Sciences: Impact on Health and Environment

Date-26th February - 1st March 2009

Venue- Delhi University, Delhi Organized by-Indian Society of Chemists & Biologists, India and Delhi University http://www.iscbindia.org/conference.htm
SEMINARS IN FEBRUARY 2009
28.Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK)symposium
Date:13 and 14 february 2009
venue:NIPER ,S.A.S.Nagar
http://niper.nic.in/index.htm
29., Efficacy and Safety” International conference on Herbal Medicine – “Evaluation of Quality
Date:February 26 , 27 & 28th (Thursday,Friday & Saturday), 2009
Venue:J.N Tata auditorium,National science seminar complex,Indian Institute of Science,Banglore
http://www.herbalconference2009.com/

30.Second Winter School on Nanotechnology in Advanced Drug Delivery (New)

Date: Feb. 24th-28th, 2009

Venue-niper,Mohali

http://niper.nic.in/second_winter_school.pdf

31.5th Nutraceutical Summit 2009

Date:February 19-21, 2009

Venue:'The Taj President', Mumbai,

http://www.nutraceuticalsummit.in/

32.Conference On transdermal and topical delivery of dermaceuticals and cosmaceutical products.

Date: February 20-21 2009.

Venue: Mumbai ,India.

http://ipapharma.org/pdf/revisedeBrochure[1].pdf

31.National symposium in animal models in biomedical research-ethical and welfare issues (new)

Date:25 and 26 th february 2009

Venue: CDRI ,Lucknow

http://www.cdriindia.org/endoconf2008/ladSYMPOSIUM2009.pdf

SEMINARS IN MARCH 2009

32.IPA Convention 2009

Date:march 14-15 2009

venue: DIPSER .N.Delhi

http://ipapharma.org/events/Brochure%202009.pdf

33.1 st symposium on medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences(new)

Date :MARCH 24-26, 2009

venue-CDRI Auditorium Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow, UP

http://www.cdriindia.org/endoconf2008/Niper_Symposium.pdf

34.workshop on 'computational chemistry and chemoinformatics approaches in modern drug discovery'(new)

Dates:18 - 21 March, 2009

Venue: IIITM-K, Nila Building, Technopark, Trivandrum

http://compchem.in/nwcb2009/index.html

35.International Conference on Open Source for Computer Aided Drug Discovery(new)

Date :22-26 March, 2009

http://www.imtech.res.in/oscadd/index.html

SEMINARS IN APRIL 2009

33.Workshop on "Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling"
Date: 01-04-2009 to 03-04-2009
Dr. S.K. Shrivastava, Organising Secretary of the Workshop, Deptt. of Pharmaceutics, I.T., BHU
http://bhu.ac.in/seminar/seminar.htm

34.Banglore Bio 2009

Date:April 15-17 2009

Venue:Banglore International exibition centre,Tumkur road,Banglore

http://www.bangalorebio.in/index.htm

34.2-day seminar on Stem Cell Research and Therapy'(new)

Date:April 13 to 14, 2009

Venue:Assocham House, New Delhi

34.Workshop on METHODS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC, CLINICAL & OPERATIONS RESEARCH (MECOR) (new)
31 May- 6 June 2009
venue-National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE/ICMR), Chennai

http://www.nie.gov.in/MECOR.pdf

SEMINARS IN August 2009

31. AICTE SPONSORED STAFF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

"PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION A GLOBAL PROSPECTIVE”
Date: 3 -14 August 2009

Venue: Al Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam .P.O
Kizhattur, Perinthalamanna,Kerala.Pin- 67932
For details and application form CLICK HERE

32.DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
International Conference on Challenges in Biotechnology and Food Technology
August 26 – 28th , 2009

ORGANISED BY-Department of Technology,Faculty of Engineering and Technology,Annamalai University,Annamalai Nagar – 608 002
http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/conference_tech_icbf2009.htm

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CRESCENT MOON...MORE PICTURES..MOON,VENUS AND JUPIETR MAKES THE SKY SMILE

2008-12-02T16:30:00.003+05:30

SMILING FACE OF SKY

MOON,VENUS AND JUPIETR MAKES THE SKY SMILE

2008-12-01T23:05:00.003+05:30

SMILEY FACE MOON DECEMBER 1 2008

Venus and Jupiter, will be close together in the evening sky, forming a spectacular double. The two are closest together on Monday December 1st, with Venus lying about 2 degrees to the South (left) of Jupiter. On the same night the Crescent Moon will appear just beneath them, forming a “Smiley Face”.It will be visible for three or four days and it can be seen from all parts of the world ,but will be more clear from Newyork and Hongkong.Don't waste this precious moments because it is rare

Chromolaena odorata

2008-11-12T01:46:00.003+05:30

ALL ABOUT COMMUNIST PACHA

Botanical name : Chromolaena odorata King & Robinson.

Family : Asteraceae

SANSKRIT SYNONYMS : Ropani, Seekhrasarpi

Chromolaena odorata is a fast-growing perennial shrub, native to South America and Central America. It has been introduced into the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Pacific, where it is an invasive weed. Also known as Siam weed, it forms dense stands that prevent the establishment of other plant species.

Synonyms: Eupatorium affine Hook & Arn., Eupatorium brachiatum Wikstrom, Eupatorium clematitis DC., Eupatorium conyzoidesM. Vahl, Eupatorium divergens Less., Eupatorium floribundum Kunth, Eupatorium graciliflorum DC., Eupatorium odoratum L., Eupatorium sabeanum Buckley, Eupatorium stigmatosum Meyen & Walp., Osmia conyzoides (Vahl) Sch.-Bip., Osmia divergens (Less.) Schultz-Bip., Osmia floribunda (Kunth) Schultz-Bip., Osmia graciliflora (DC.) Sch.-Bip., Osmia odorata (L.) Schultz-Bip.

Common names: agonoi (Philippines), bitter bush (English), chromolaena (English), hagonoy (Philippines), herbe du Laos (French), huluhagonoi (Philippines), jack in the bush (English), kesengesil (Chamorro-Guam), mahsrihsrihk (Kosrae), masigsig (Chamorro-Guam), ngesngesil (Palau), otuot (Chuuk), rumput belalang (Indonesian Bahasa-Indonesia), rumput golkar (Indonesian Bahasa-Indonesia), rumput putih (Indonesian Bahasa-Indonesia), Siam weed (English), Siam-Kraut (German), triffid weed (English), wisolmatenrehwei (Pohnpei)

Description :Chromolaena odorata is an herbaceous perennial that forms dense tangled bushes 1.5-2.0m in height. It occasionally reaches its maximum height of 6m (as a climber on other plants). Its stems branch freely, with lateral branches developing in pairs from the axillary buds. The older stems are brown and woody near the base; tips and young shoots are green and succulent. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate, or rhomboid, serrate, or dentate, long petioled and bright green colored. leaves opposite, flaccid-membranous, velvety-pubescent, deltoid-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, very coarsely toothed, each margin with 1-5 teeth, or entire in youngest leaves; base obtuse or subtruncate but shortly decurrent; petiole slender, 1-1.5cm long; blade mostly 5-12cm long, 3-6cm wide, capitula in sub-corymbose axillary and terminal clusters; peduncles 1-3cm long, bracteate; bracts slender, 10-12mm long; involucre of about 4-5 series of bracts, pale with green nerves, acute, the lowest ones about 2mm long, upper ones 8-9mm long, all acute, distally ciliate, flat, appressed except the extreme divergent tip; florets all alike (disc-florets), pale purple to dull off-white, the styles extending about 4mm beyond the apex of the involucre, spreading radiately; receptacle very narrow .

Flowers seen in terminal or axillary panicled heads. The flowers are white or pale bluish-lilac, and form masses covering the whole surface of the bush (Cruttwell and McFadyen 1989). Seeds small and is crowned with silky hairs for wind dispersion. The root system is fibrous and does not penetrate beyond 20-30cm in most soils. The flowerheads are borne in terminal corymbs of 20 to 60 heads on all stems and branches.
Use
burns, hemorrhages, hemorrhoids, indigestion, skin diseases, traumatic injury, edema, fracture and infection. It is used traditionally in south india for the treatment of chikungunya ( if you take bath in the water boiled with leaf of a common plant your pain will reduce.)

Pharmacy Distance Education Programme (IGNOU) India

2008-11-11T23:45:00.004+05:30

· PG Diploma in Pharmaceutical Science and Marketing(IGNOU)

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) will soon start Postgraduate Diploma in Pharmaceutical Science and Marketing.It will be very useful for those people who are really interested in pharmacy and pharma marketing.The notification is expected by second week of December 2009 .It will be of 1 year duration.The fees structure will be nominal and the best thing is that you will get a cerificate from a reputed university. Graduates with either science faculty or arts graduated with pharmacy diploma can join the course. The course will be offered under the IGNOU's distant education programme. The syllabus and the course details will be available in IGNOU website by December 2009 .Do visit the website www.ignou.ac.in for latest updates.

LIST OF INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS

2008-11-04T20:36:00.003+05:30

These chemicals could react violently if allowed to come in accidental contact with each other, resulting in an explosion, or may produce highly toxic and/or flammable gases or vapors. However, it should be remembered that this list is not in any way complete, but is to serve only as a guide for the more commonly used chemicals.

Download pdf version of INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS here

http://www.megaupload.com/?d=040XZ348

Chemistry of Tear Gas

2008-11-03T19:36:00.005+05:30

TEAR GAS

It is a chemical compound that stimulates the corneal nerves in the eyes to cause tearing,pain, and even temporaryblindness.The major constituent of tear gas is 2-(2-chloro-benzylidene)-malononitrile.

Tear gas is a chemical compound which, in humans, causes immediate tearing of the eyes, mild respiratory convulsion, an increase in blood pressure and pulse, as well as the irritation of mucous membranes. A lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from lacrima meaning "a tear" in latin) (commonly referred to as tear gas) . These are commonly used as riot control agent and chemical warfare agents.

CHEMISTRY OF RDX

2008-11-03T17:08:00.007+05:30

RDX EXPLOSIVE

There are many explanations for the name RDX, including Royal Demolition eXplosive, Research Department (composition) X and Research Department eXplosive. Research Department composition X is most likely correct. RDX was widely used during world war II, often in explosive mixtures with TNT. In its pure, synthesized state RDX is a white, crystalline solid.

Chemical structure of RDX

It is having a Triazine nucleus. It starts to decompose at about 170 °C and melts at 204 °C. Its structural formula is: hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine or (CH2-N-NO2)3.

At room temperature, it is very stable. It burns rather than explodes and detonates only with a detonator, being unaffected even by small arms fire. However, it is very sensitive when crystallized, below −4 °C.

Reference: NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006
Detoxification of Explosives by Plants

Plants tackle explosive contamination.Plants engineered to degrade either RDX (left) or TNT (right) absorb the explosives through their roots and proceed to catabolize them into less toxic compounds (e.g., aminodinitrotoluenes) or nontoxic compounds (e.g., NH3 or CO2).(Nature Biotechnology 2006)

REFERENCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX

Volvo Ocean Race - Cochin 2008

2008-10-25T14:56:00.007+05:30

The Volvo Ocean Race, will reach the Queen of Arabian sea (Kochi ,my home town ) on December 3 , 2008.It is a round the world marathon ocean yacht racing competition,India has never hosted such a prestigious sailing event and the people are very excited to watch this mega event.It is for the first time in the 35 year history of Volvo Ocean Race, stop over in India. And that too at Kochi and my home town is ready to roll out the red carpet . Even though its heavy raining in Kochi the preparations are going in its full swing .

The volvo ocean race will reach Kochi for a stopover of 10 days from December 3 to 13 ,2008, after the 10 days halt it will sail to Singapore.The volvo ocean race which started round the world marathon sailing in october 2008 and cover more than 39,000 nautical miles,visiting 11 ports across the world would set sail from Alicante in spain.It would stop over at cape town ,Kochi,Qungdao in China,Rio de Janeiro, Boston,Galway,Goteborg and Stockholm,before reaching the finishing point, at St.petersburg.

you can track the live action on

http://www.traclive.dk/events/event_20081011_VORLeg1/

you will get current status of each yacht,its speed,current location,direction etc

Participating teams
1.ERICSSON RACING TEAM - ERICSSON 4
2.ERICSSON RACING TEAM - ERICSSON 3
3.PUMA RACING TEAM
4.TELEFONICA BLUE RACING TEAM
5.TELEFONICA BLACK RACING TEAM
6.TEAM RUSSIA
7.GREEN DRAGON RACING TEAM
8.DELTA LLOYD

Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacy) in GATE 2010.

2008-10-21T20:15:00.014+05:30

Pharmacist's No more to GATE !

Huge disappointment for all the pharmacy graduate .IIT's decided to stop the Pharmaceutical science paper(PY) from next GATE . 2010 onwards there will not be any pharmaceutical sciences(PY) in GATE.This will be the last GATE for all the pharmacy students.Lets hope for a better alternative from the authorities.

Important Notes:
1. The validity og GATE 2009 score card will be for a period of 1 YEAR from the date of announcement of result.

2. It has been decided to remove Pharmaceutical Sciences (PY)

paper with effect from GATE 2010.

Changes in GATE 2009 . A comparison between GATE 2008 and GATE 2009.

GATE 2008

1. Maximum marks 150
2. Time 3 hours
3. 90 questions (objective type)
4. 1/4th negative marking

GATE 2009 Paper structure:

ü Maximum marks 100
ü Time 3 hours
ü 60 questions (objective type)
ü 1/3rd negative marking

Q.1 to Q.20 : Will carry one mark each (sub-total 20 marks). 1/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.

Q.21 to Q.50 : Will carry two marks each (sub-total 60 marks) .2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.

Q.51 through Q.56 (3 pairs) will be common data questions. Each question will carry two marks.2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer.Question pairs (Q.57, Q.58) and (Q.59, Q.60) will be linked answer questions.The answer to the second question of the last two pairs will depend on the answer to the first question of the pair.

If the first question in the linked pair is wrongly answered or is un-attempted, then the answer to the second question in the pair will not be evaluated. Each question will carry two marks.There will be negative marks only for wrong answer to the first question of the linked answer question pair i.e. for Q.57 and Q.59, 2/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer. There is no negative marking for Q.58 and Q.60

GATE-2009 Pharmacy Syllabus

2008-10-21T20:09:00.001+05:30

Natural Products: Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry ? Chemistry, tests, isolation, characterization and estimation of phytopharmaceuticals belonging to the group of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Steroids, Bioflavanoids, Purines, Guggul lipids. Pharmacognosy of crude drugs that contain the above constituents. Standardization of raw materials and herbal products. WHO guidelines. Quantitative microscopy including modern techniques used for evaluation. Biotechnological principles and techniques for plant development, Tissue culture.

Pharmacology: General pharmacological principles including Toxicology. Drug interaction. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central nervous system, Cardiovascular system, Autonomic nervous system, Gastro intestinal system and Respiratory system. Pharmacology of Autocoids, Hormones, Hormone antagonists, chemotherapeutic agents including anticancer drugs. Bioassays, Immuno Pharmacology. Drugs acting on the blood & blood forming organs. Drugs acting on the renal system.

Medicinal Chemistry: Structure, nomenclature, classification, synthesis, SAR and metabolism of the following category of drugs, which are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia. Introduction to drug design. Stereochemistry of drug molecules. Hypnotics and Sedatives, Analgesics, NSAIDS, Neuroleptics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Anticonvulsants, Antihistaminics, Local Anaesthetics, Cardio Vascular drugs ? Antianginal agents Vasodilators, Adrenergic & Cholinergic drugs, Cardiotonic agents, Diuretics, Antijypertensive drugs, Hypoglycemic agents, Antilipedmic agents, Coagulants, Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet agents. Chemotherapeutic agents ? Antibiotics, Antibacterials, Sulphadrugs. Antiproliozoal drugs, Antiviral, Antitubercular, Antimalarial, Anticancer, Antiamoebic drugs. Diagnostic agents. Preparation and storage and uses of official Radiopharmaceuticals, Vitamins and Hormones. Eicosonoids and their application.

Pharmaceutics : Development, manufacturing standards Q.C. limits, labeling, as per the pharmacopoeal requirements. Storage of different dosage forms and new drug delivery systems. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics and their importance in formulation. Formulation and preparation of cosmetics ? lipstick, shampoo, creams, nail preparations and dentifrices. Pharmaceutical calculations.

Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence: Drugs and cosmetics Act and rules with respect to manufacture, sales and storage. Pharmacy Act. Pharmaceutical ethics.

Pharmaceutical Analysis: Principles, instrumentation and applications of the following: Absorption spectroscopy (UV, visible & IR). Fluorimetry, Flame photometry, Potentiometry. Conductometry and Plarography. Pharmacopoeial assays. Principles of NMR, ESR, Mass spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis and different chromatographic methods.
Biochemistry. Biochemical role of hormones, Vitamins, Enzymes, Nucleic acids, Bioenergetics. General principles of immunology. Immunological. Metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins. Methods to determine, kidney & liver function. Lipid profiles.

Microbiology : Principles and methods of microbio0logical assays of the Pharmacopoeia. Methods of preparation of official sera and vaccines. Serological and diagnostics tests. Applications of microorganisms in Bio Conversions and in Pharmaceutical industry.

Clinical Pharmacy : Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Dosage regimen in Pregnancy and Lactation, Pediatrics and Geriatrics. Renal and hepatic impairment. Drug ? Drug interactions and Drug ? food interactions, Adverse Drug reactions. Medication History, interview and Patient counseling.