What is endosulfan ? Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide This colourless solid has emerged as a highly controversial agrichemical.The IUPAC name for endosulfan is 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide
Chemical structure of Endosulfan
Endosulfan is a 7:3 mixture of stereoisomers designated α and β. α- and β-endosulfan are conformational isomers arising from the pyramidal stereochemistry of sulfur. α-Endosulfan is the more thermodynamically stable of the two, thus β-endosulfan irreversibly converts to the α form, although the conversion is slow.
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF ENDOSULFAN
How endosulfan is synthesized ? Endosulfan synthesis involves following steps: It is produced by the Diels-alder reaction Diels-Alder addition of hexachloro-cyclo-pentadiene and cis-butene-1,4-diol in xylene. Subsequently the adduct is hydrolysed to form the cis-diol or di-alcohol. Reaction of this cis-dol with thionyl chloride forms the final product.
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p-acetamido benzene sulfonyl chloride is an essential intermediate for the synthesis of sulfanilamide drugs. Chlorosulfonation of acetanilide with excess of chlorosulfonic acid affords p-acetamido benzene sulfonyl chloride. Aryl sulfonyl chlorides are converted into corresponding aryl sulfonamides by treatment with conc. ammonia solution or solid ammonium carbonate or by reaction with appropriate amino compounds .p- amino benzene sulfonamide is obtained by converting p-acetamido benzene sulfonyl chloride into the amide with aqueous ammonia and then selectively removing the protecting acetyl group by boiling with aqueous hydrochloric acid.
PROCEDURE (All apparatus must be perfectly dry,chlorosulfonic acid reacts violently with water)
üPreparation of p-acetamido benzene sulfonyl chloride
Place 5 gm of dry acetanilide into a three necked flask equipped with a condenser, add 16 ml of chlorosulfonic acid slowly in small portions. Shake the flask well and heat the flask on a water bath for 1 hr .Cool and pour this oily mixture as a thin stream with stirring into 100 gm of crushed ice. Rinse with water and broke the ice lumps and stir the mixture for several minutes. Filter it at the pump, wash it with cold water and drain well.
üPreparation of p-acetamido benzene sulphonamide
Transfer the crude product obtained above into a round bottom flask. Add a mixture of 15ml of ammonia and 15ml of water. Mix the contents of the flask thoroughly with swirling. Heat the mixture for 15 mins (below boiling point.). The sulphonyl chloride is converted into corresponding sulfonamide. Cool on ice, add dil. sulphuric acid until the mixture was just acidic to congo red paper. Collected the product in a buchner funnel.
üPreparation of p-amino benzene sulphonamide.
Transfer the crude product into 500ml flask and add 5ml of conc. HCl, 10ml of water. Boil the mixture gently under reflux for 10-30 minutes. Cool the mixture to room temperature (should not show any solid) to this add 3gm of charcoal, heat the mixture to boil. Place the filtrate in beaker and continuously add 4gm of solid sodium bicarbonate. Test the filtrate with litmus paper until neutral. Cool it in ice bath and filter the precipitate. Recrystallize from water or alcohol.
Disclaimer: This document is provided to the general public as a courtesy; any individual, institution, or organization who choose to use this document, either in its original or in a modified form, do so at their own risk, author is not liable for injuries or accidents that occur in any lab.
M.Pharm admission through GPAT 2011-SCORECLICK HERE Applications are invited for admission to M.Pharm. programme offered by various colleges in INDIA new NIPER ADMISSION 2011
A. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (NIPER) M.Pharm admission 2011
Applications are invited for M.Pharm course in Ahmedabad; Guwahati; Hajipur; Hyderabad,Kolkata; Rae Barelli; S.A.S. Nagar
1.Pharmacy Practise (Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy),
2.Pharmaceutics,
3.Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Eligibility: B.Pharm degree from an Institution approved by the pharmacy council of India (PCI); not less than 50% of the maximum marks for all the subjects of the B.Pharm course from second year to fourth year examinations; candidates with GATE/GPAT score preferred
Admission procedure: Selection is based on the rank obtained in the All India entrance test conducted by Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Common entrance test: 05th June, 2011, 9.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.
Centre for examination: Amrita School of Medicine, Kochi
Admission procedure: Prospectus and application forms will be available from the branches of Dhanalakshmi Bank and Federal Bank from 25th April, 2011 onwards
Cost of application form Rs 1500/-; from the office by speed post/courier Rs 1570/-; download from the website and submit along with a demand draft for Rs 1500/-; demand draft to be drawn in the name of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, payable at Kochi
Application can be submitted on-line after 25th April, 2011
Requests for applications may be sent to
the admission co-ordinator, office of admissions,
Amrita Health Sciences campus,
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research centre,
Date of commencement of sale of application forms: 25th April, 2011
Last date of sale of application forms: 24th May, 2011
Last date of receipt of duly completed application forms: 28th May, 2011
Date of examination: 05th June, 2011, Sunday
3.K L E University's College of Pharmacy M.Pharm Admission 2011
Admission procedure for B.Pharm and M.Pharm Courses for the year 2011-12 will be through all India entrance test (KLEU-AIET-2011) Scheduled on 7th of may 2011 at various centers across the country
Applications are invited from eligible candidates for admission into Master of Pharmacy Program offered at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow through Entrance test. M.Pharm : Specialization in Pharmaceutical Sciences. APPLICATION FORM: Download at website www.bbauindia.org, filled-in application form along with Demand Draft of Rs.300/- (Rs. 75/- for SC/ST/PH) drawn in favor of “Finance Officer, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University” payable at Lucknow send to: Admission Cell, BBAU, Vidya Vihar Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow. LAST DATE FOR SUBMISSION: 30th April, 2011 EXAM CENTRES: Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, Thiruvanantapuram, Kolkata, Nagpur, Patna, Ranchi.
Interested candidates may download the application and the information brochure from the institute’s official websites: www.itbhu.ac.in or www.bhu.ac.in. The application fee for the exam is Rs 500 (non refundable) for General and OBC categories, whereas for SC/ST category the fee is Rs 250 (non-refundable). This fee has to be paid by DD which should be drawn in the favor of “Institute of Technology, BHU” payable at the State Bank of India, BHU, Varanasi (Code-0211). Duly filled application form along with requisite documents and DD should be sent to the respective Head of the Department/ Coordinator of School, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221005 (INDIA),
latest by May 9, 2011 for M Tech Programmes and June 13, 2011 for M Pharm Programme.
